Human Existence and Human Suffering Essay - 1920 Words

All throughout our history, we humans have constantly evolved and developed to an extent where we can give an account to the world we live in. From Epicurus to Thomas Aquinas, from Aristotle -who taught one of the greatest kings namely Alexander the Great- to Sartre and Camus were all for the search of why we are on this planet. What drives us to live or perhaps to die, even if it is by one’s own hand. When arguing about the meaning of life, one has to take into account that every doctrine, thesis, antithesis, thought and emotion can only be explained and defined through the human perspective. It can be said that humans see the world through a specific lens, which is not only a cultural and political one, but a human one. We are limited in†¦show more content†¦Defining 200.000 years in ratio to 12 billion Julian years one will get a percentage of 0.00142%. To put it in other numbers one would have to live human history 70.000 times to reach the â€Å"Big Bang†. It is important to be aware of where humans stand in the face of time and space when it comes to existentialism. Since we all live in tempus et spatium. Connected to this, the paper will try to explain: In what form does human suffering shape human existence, and to what extent does it need to shape our lives? The following essay will draw a comparison between Camus and Sartre on human existentialism. The thesis will argue against the Camusian concept of essence before existence. The paper will also compare for the concept that the Absurd and Man are not opposed to each other, but exist in a juxtaposed coherence. Sartre’s main argument is that human beings have no essence before existence, thus humans are destined to be free, where God is non-existent. Therefore â€Å"existence precedes essence† (Sartre:5). First of all man comes into being and only after that he start defining himself and the world around him. Sartre being an atheist believes that God does not exist and humans are left alone without excuse, bearing full responsibility of their acts. He believes that death in itself gives meaning to our free, individual existence. Our choices define who and what we become, whereShow MoreRelatedThe Sickness Onto Death And Sartre1539 Words   |  7 Pagescontemporary inauthentic living through an idea he calls â€Å"Bad Faith†. Both Kierkegaardian Despair and Sartrean Bad Faith involve human suffering not at a psychological or physical level, but rather an existential level. I strongly believe that the individuals suffer more from Despair than Bad Faith, as there are aspec ts of nothingness and anguish of Bad Faith that intensify the suffering. â€Å"The Sickness onto Death† by Kierkegaard encompasses the notion of inauthentic living. Kierkegaard defines Despair asRead MoreJob and Gilgamesh: a Comparison of Inevitable Suffering1028 Words   |  5 PagesJob and Gilgamesh: A Comparison of Inevitable Suffering It has been said that pain is inevitable but suffering is optional. But is it? When looking at extraordinary pieces of literature such as the biblical Book of Job and the Epic of Gilgamesh, describing such physical and emotional pain and the mental and spiritual suffering that the main characters endured, it tells us that their suffering was just as inevitable as their pain. However, the two men dealt very differently with the tragediesRead MoreThe Existence Of Evil By Blackburn Theory1264 Words   |  6 Pagesam going to argue that his theory the existence of evil strongly suggests that there does not exist a God who is all-good, all-knowing and all-powerful to be false. In my argument I will try to present facts that show the existence of God and why there is evil. Exposition: 313 In Blackburn’s argument he basically mentions that because there is evil in the world there is no existence of a present creator. It is impossible to see the suffering that’s going on in the world and suggestRead MoreSecular Humanism Rejects The Idea And Existence Of God1650 Words   |  7 PagesSecular humanism rejects the idea and existence of God. It is a philosophy of life, which views that humans are the supreme beings of the universe. They believe that the creation of the universe and life is an incredible coincidence. They believe that human existence is fully explained without any references to spiritual occurrences. Secular humanists have no religion and reject the idea of faith and spirituality. They believe that science is the only source of knowledge and reveals the laws of natureRead MoreThe Between Science And Metaphysical Frameworks1568 Words   |  7 Pagesentirety of the human condition. A much more authentic question that the individ ual can ask themselves is â€Å"what does my life mean to me?† Crowell (2010) summarizes existentialism in a way that separates us from the dichotomy of science and metaphysical frameworks. He surmises that to understand what defines a human being and individual requires the awareness to know all the truths that natural sciences (including the science of psychology) can tell us do not define what it means to be a human. The individualRead MoreDoes God Exist1483 Words   |  6 PagesExist The question of God’s existence has lingered in the mind of man since the dawn of religion. The simple fact that billions of people consider themselves to have some allegiance to a deity means that this question deserves to be seriously considered. In this paper I will argue for the sake that God does exist and the reasons why. I will include many of the arguments found in our philosophy book and those covered in class as well as other subjects such as human suffering and the reasons God choseRead MoreThe Problem of Evil Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesSwinburne argues that the existence of evil in the world is consistent with the existence of all-knowing, all-powerful and all-good God. To start, Swinburne bases his argument on two basic types of evil: moral and natural. Moral evil encompasses all the ills resulting from human action, whether intentional or through negligence; natural evil included all evils not caused or permitted by human beings. Whereas moral evil such as abortion, murder, terrorism, or theft comes from humans acting immorally, naturalRead MoreThe Noble Truth Of Suffering988 Words   |  4 PagesAll human beings suffer. There are many forms of suffering that effect individuals lives. Suffering has to come from somewhere, and Buddhists use the Four Noble Truths to explain what suffering is and where it comes from. The Four Noble Truths are the doctrines of Buddha. These truths explain the way to the purification of beings (Walsh, 335). The First Noble Truth is the Noble Truth of Suffering. Maurice Walshe, the main editor of The Long Discourses of the Buddha, helps explore the Noble TruthRead MoreEssay about Life is Suffering1124 Words   |  5 PagesIn Studies in Pessimism, Schopenhauer argues that suffering is intrinsic to human existence; that by nature we will experience suffering regardless of how we live our lives. Similar to Epictetus’ view, Schopenhauer states that the only way to minimize the amount of suffering one feels is by living a life of pure reason. This paper will examine both Schopenhauer’s characterization of human suffering and his recommendations for how to best live our lives. It will then argue that while his characterizationsRead MoreThe Nature And Existence Of God1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe existence of suffering in the world provides a case against the existence of God as the problem of evil. It seems that the God of classical theism is incompatible with the reality of the world around us; could such an all-loving, all-powerful and all-knowing God exists in conjunction with instances of immense and seemingly pointless suffering? It does seem unlikely that such a God exists alongside evil. However, it is questionable whether this is a proof that God does not exist. The problem of

Digital Crime and Terrorism Case Study Essay - 1524 Words

Digital crime and terrorism is one of the remaining challenges that law enforcement must address to guarantee greater global security and harmony. Law enforcement agencies therefore need better means through which they can forecast the past, present and future aspects of digital crimes so that they can be well equipped to restrict the actions of those who perpetrate such crimes. This paper is going to analyze the eight key forecasts that are related to digital crime and how law enforcement agencies can come with strategies to combat these crimes. Forecast 1: The need for allocating law enforcement agencies more resources to combat cyber crimes The forecast highlights the need for a shift in law enforcement and justice agencies across†¦show more content†¦Law enforcement agencies need to partner with advocacy groups to make consumers and business owners aware of the different means which cyber criminals use to swindle them of their cash. A list of the various fraud schemes can be published, which can give the users of e –commerce precautions to avoid losing their money to fraudsters (Mansell Raboy, 2011, p. 509). The most common ways through which people are swindled, is through unauthorized withdrawals from their credit cards and scams whereby some online portals receive payments for certain goods and later do not deliver the goods to the clients. Prevention strategies therefore must be emphasized to ensure that internet users are made aware of the fraud schemes. Forecast 3: Increase in the level of virtual crimes in online networking sites. There is a likelihood of an increase in the number of incidents of crimes of a psychological nature committed against internet users in a shared community through insults, ridicule, hate campaigns, child abuse and incitation. Such crimes make the targeted user to be vulnerable because they can be harmed by the content that is posted online or which is sent to them. Bullying in forums of users of school going age and workplace infringement of sensitive company information by aggrieved employees are also avenues for such crimes.Show MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Cyber Crime988 Words   |  4 Pageslimited since, for those investigating or examining cyber-crime must be highly trained specialists, requiring detective and technical skills, including knowledge of various IT hardware and software, and forensic tools. Nevertheless, in the modern world computer or computer related crime makes up a great amount of p ercentage of all the crimes happiness which is bound to increase. The Office for Victim Assistance ensures that victims of crimes investigated by the FBI are presented the opportunity toRead MoreThe Four Major Categories Of Computer Crimes Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesthis writing assignment, I will discuss the four major categories of computer crimes. I will explain the most common forms of digital crime and why cyber terrorism is the greatest threat. I will also discuss the roles of the U.S. government, court systems, and law enforcement agencies in combating computer crime. First, we will define the four major categories of computer crimes. -The technical definition of computer crimes is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes referred toRead MoreUse Of Our Knowledge Of Digital Forensics1489 Words   |  6 Pages Digital Forensics Scenario Supervisor – Mr. Ernest Foo Use our knowledge of Digital Forensics to set up a challenge scenario. We need to set up and develop evidence that can be examined to determine a sequence of events. Scenarios can include disk forensics, network forensics and memory forensics or a combination of all. Prasad Prasannakumari Sasikumar [n9065041] 8/14/2015 â€Æ' Title The present period can be seen as the time of the digital revolution, described by boundless, simpleRead MoreEssay on Criminal Justice Fields982 Words   |  4 Pagesscientific fields related to the solving of crimes. The earliest forms of forensic sciences were first used in 16th century Europe by medical practitioners in the army and universities to gather information on the cause and manner of death, though writings on these topics did not begin to appear until the 18th century. (Kind S, 1972) The science of forensics is now recognized as a critical ingredient in law enforcement and in the solution of crimes. Protecting a crime scene from contamination, gatheringRead MoreForensics: Three Basic Aspects for Identification Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered a science of the judicial system, where as evidence is obtained regarding criminal acts to determine the innocence or guilt of individual(s). There is a wide area of forensic studies; this paper will discuss three of these topics Digital Apprehension, DNA, and Interpol. Digital Apprehension is just as it says digital, meaning pictures and various technologic devices. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is an inherent identifying marker of cells be, human or plant; that is now a mainstay of criminalRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effects On The Environment1538 Words   |  7 Pagesfor improvement. Lastly, it will offer recommendations as conclusion. The threats of virtual dimensions The conceptions of security in the contemporary digital age are remarkably distinct from the traditional Cold War landscape. Technology and globalization are among the major contributors to the emergence of the new realm in security studies. The revolution of virtual dimensions has generated information technologies that provide people modern way to interact each other regardless the differencesRead MoreHow Digital Evidence Affects The Digital Constitution Act Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagescreative ways that can complicate the forensic analysis process, importantly when attempts are made to conceal digital evidence. The economy consists of millions of users spend hours surfing the web, stay up to date with current events, and take part in many activities. However, this also benefits how criminals act freely. Illegal activities ranging from drug trafficking, pornography, and terrorism involve electronics and computers to a degree. For example, a cyber attack on a company can expose million’sRead MoreLaw Enforcements Perceptions And Preparedness956 Words   |  4 Pages427.5148  · jl03738@georgiasouthern.edu EDUCATION Cyber Crime Graduate Certificate Armstrong State University, Savannah, GA Graduation: December 2016 GPA: 3.50 Masters of Arts in Social Sciences in Criminal Justice and Criminology Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA Graduation: May 2016 GPA: 3.80 Thesis: Law Enforcements’ Perceptions and Preparedness to Address Child Exploitation via Hacking Bachelor of Science in Justice Studies Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA Graduation:Read MoreSurveillance : The Act Of Surveillance1526 Words   |  7 Pagespart of business operation or road safety management due to video recorded proof in case of any crime. We stand at an age where nothing is anymore private or personal in terms of data and information confidentiality. The world is torn apart in two, one who supports Mass Surveillance in the name of security and the other despises such surveillance as it is harmful to right to privacy. However, there has been cases where Mass Surveillance has been misused, especially by the government, and have causedRead MoreCyber Espionage Attacks And Cyber Attacks1662 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween the National White Collar Crime Center and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was established to form the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) which is the main body that receives complaints concerning cyber-crimes such as economic espionage, hacking and identity theft (IC3 2011). IC3 from their 2010 Internet Crime Report, gave an example of the year 2010, where the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) got more than 300,000 complaints with crimes ranging from all the above to national

Amba 604 Free Essays

string(24) " skills to the project\." Acme Home Improvement de Mexico, SA de CV Project Plan Team Four: Folasade Bamidele Alibaloye John C Caputo Garner Frederick Hixson Hector G Rosado AMBA 604, Section 9093 Professor Stewart February 6, 2004 Acme Project Plan Table of Contents Section I. II. III. We will write a custom essay sample on Amba 604 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Executive Summary Introduction Project Organization Organization Chart Project Responsibilities Staffing Plans IV. Management Process Management Objectives Priorities Monitoring/Controlling Mechanisms V. Technical Process Plan Computing System Project Plan Modification Process Computer Usage Policies Construction Guideline Support Project Acceptance Process Lessons Learned Documentation VI. Work Packages, Dependencies, Schedules Budgets Work Packages Dependencies Project Budget Summary Tasks on the Critical Path Assignment Matrix 3 4 5 5 6 7 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 17 20 23 24 25 2 Page VII. Appendix A Appendix B Acme Project Plan I. Executive Summary Acme Home Improvements has determined it essential that expansion into international markets take place immediately. Acme Home Improvements has initiated a joint venture with local partners in Mexico City to form Acme Home Improvements SA de CV. The intent of this partnership is to open Acme’s first ‘Do It Yourself’ – (DIY) home improvement store outside of the United States, to meet the competition head on and establish a foothold in international markets. This document spells out our plan for the project’s success. The project’s sponsor is the Acme CEO, Alex R. Fitzgerald. This project is the first step in his strategic initiative to expand Acme into international markets. Based on assessments, it is critical that Acme SA de CV complete the opening of this store in 12 months or less with a budget of up to $7. 5 million. A key risk is Acme’s lack of experience in international markets. As a result, we will rely heavily on our partners to help us mitigate ‘soft’ cultural issues and navigate local nuances of business. Because of the soft issues, remaining on schedule is a key driver of project success. To mitigate risks to the project’s critical path, we have built feeding buffers into the schedule, and added a project buffer to the project end. Our plan outlines staff responsibilities and a staffing plan for project execution. This staff has strong support from corporate headquarters, a defined scope, budget, timeline, and 3 processes by which to execute the plan. Included in these processes is a structured change control process that ensures changes are relevant, followed through, and controlled. In addition, this document, and the accompanying project plan clearly identify dependencies that can impact project execution. We have separated these dependencies into mandatory, external, and discretionary dependencies (Schwalbe, 2004). Doing this has enabled us to maximize scheduling efficiency. Acme SA de CV has an established technology infrastructure to draw upon. Our plan will leverage this technology through wireless local area networks, corporate servers, and use of project management software. Finally, we will utilize a feedback process to capture lessons learned for our future expansion into international markets. Acme Project Plan II. Introduction Acme Home Improvements de Mexico, SA de CV intends to build a 100,000 sq ft retail 4 facility in Mexico Distrito Federal (DF). This effort is part of Acme’s strategy to expand into the international home improvement markets. Our Mexico City store will be the initial push into Mexico to meet our competitors head-on outside the United States. This project is critical to Acme’s long-term strategy to expand beyond the US borders. Headquarters has allocated $7. 5 million to complete this task. Strategic alignment with Acme’s long-term goals, experience with similar projects, and an assessment of the competition dictates that we complete this project within 12 months. Our project is a joint venture with local interests. The project will be challenging for Acme, with inherent risk laying in our inexperience in international joint ventures. ‘Soft’ issues, cultural human resource issues will be as much of a driver of cost and schedule as the ‘hard’ issues like planning and execution. It is critical to the success of this project, and perhaps the organization’s international growth strategy, that this project be completed on time, and on budget. The organization anticipates possible schedule delays and cost overruns due to cultural assumptions and misunderstandings. Knowing that schedule delays will affect costs and international expansion strategy, we pay particular attention to the project’s critical path (see Appendix A, and the accompanying MS Project file’s network diagram view). To deal with these risks, the team has built several feeding time-buffers into the work breakdown schedule, at constraints along the critical path (Goldratt, 1998). A large project buffer has also been added to protect the end of the project. Attention to the safety buffers along the critical path will contribute to the team’s successful execution of the project. This plan presents an overview of the project organization, including the team’s organization chart, project responsibilities, and staffing plans. Next, the plan addresses the organization’s management process related to this project. Management’s objectives, priorities, Acme Project Plan and monitoring and control mechanisms are covered in this section. The project’s technical process plan is covered next, reviewing such things as the IT support and guidelines for the project, processes for modification, and acceptance of the plan, and the process for documenting lessons learned on the project. Lastly, this plan discusses the work packages, dependencies, schedules and project budget. We begin with a look at the project organization plan. III. Project Organization Organizational Chart: 5 Acme Home Improvements de Mexico Site Construction Opening Project Organization Chart Prepared by: John Tarea, Project Manager John Tarea Acme Projects Project Manager Sade Venda Acme Store Manager Anita Socio Acme Mexico HR Manager Donna Promueva Acme Mexico Marketing Fred Conde Acme Finance Joe Martillo Construction Manager Maria Diseno Architectural Contractor This organizational chart shows the authority and communications organization for the project. Every one of the team members reports to the Project Manager. Team members are from different knowledge areas and each will contribute with their knowledge and skills to the project. You read "Amba 604" in category "Essay examples" Acme Project Plan Project Responsibilities: Project Sponsor, Alex R. Fitzgerald, CEO Acme Home Improvements. Mr. Fitzgerald 6 has been CEO of Acme Home Improvements for 10 years. He started with the company 25 years ago, working in one of the first Acme Stores. He started as a traditional department manager and worked his way up through Acme’s chain. He attended business school at the University of Maryland University College. Mr. Fitzgerald has unsurpassed expertise in the DIY Home Improvement business and has lead Acme through an unprecedented period of growth. Mr. Fitzgerald has a strategic vision that mandates Acme’s expansion into international markets. His high level of interest in this project cannot be overemphasized. His role as project sponsor is to take ultimate responsibility for the project. He must sign off on the project charter, confirm successful completion of project milestones, and provide leadership and support to the project manager. At a recent executive retreat, Mr. Fitzgerald commented, â€Å"With the growth of technology, and productivity, the world has never experienced the level of wealth and opportunity for homeownership that it is experiencing now. Our ability to remain competitive and grow is completely dependent on our ability to expand into international markets. † John Tarea, Project Manager: John is in charge of managing the whole project, and the members that are in charge of the project activities. Also, he is in charge of working with the sponsor and any general people involved with the project. His role is important since he should be able to manage the problem in an effective manner for the project to meet its goal. Joe Martillo, Construction Manager: Joe is in charge of managing the construction activities of the project. As a heavily tasked team member, project planners will watch for constraints associated with this project resource. To enable Joe meet the construction project schedule, he has been allocated the necessary budget to contract various local trades-people and construction specialty firms. Acme Project Plan Maria Diseno, Architectural Contractor: Maria is the architect that researched 7 competitive stores in Mexico, became familiar with Acme store designs in the U. S. , and designed the store to be constructed in this project. Fred Conde, Acme Finance: Fred is in charge of financial oversight of the project. He will assist team members in analyzing bids, projecting costs, and controlling expenditures. Sade Venda, Acme Store Manager: Sade will be in charge of managing the store when it is operational. She will also collaborate with H. R. anager, Anita Socio, and Anita’s staff in the recruitment, interviewing, and training of new employees. Anita Socio, Acme Mexico HR Manager: Anita will be in charge of the recruitment effort and training of the personnel hired to work in the store. She will work closely with the Store Manager. Donna Promueva, Acme Mexico Marketing: Donna will collaborate with Maria Diseno and Sade Venda on the design and layout of the store interior, displays, and inventory. She is to ensure the store reflects the marketing strategy for the Mexico City market. She is in charge of performing local market analyses, selecting products, and designing merchandising, advertising and promotional efforts for the store. An assignment matrix can be seen in appendix B. Staffing Plan The following charts illustrate the project’s staffing and training plans from three perspectives. The first graph presents baseline staffing plans, not taking into consideration feeding buffers that will likely push the actual dates closer to the store-opening deadline of March 1, 2006. The second chart depicts preliminary training targets, and the third illustrates contractor staffing needs. Acme Project Plan 8 Acme Staffing Plan 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jan Mar May Jul Sept Nov Project Managers Acme- Accts, IT, Supt Lead Contractor Sub-Contractors Sub-Contractor Laborers Training Team Functional Leads Department Heads Store Employees 1 Dec as opening goal Acme SA de CV Training 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jan Mar May Jul Sept Nov Training Team Functional Leads Department Heads Store Employees Acme Project Plan 9 Acme SA de CV Construction Team 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan Mar May Jul Sept Nov Lead Contractor Sub-Contractors Sub-Contractor Laborers Now that we have discussed the project staffing and responsibilities, we turn to the project management processes, including the objectives, priorities, and monitoring and controlling mechanisms of the project. Acme Project Plan IV. Managerial Processes This section of the project plan provides an overview of Acme’s perspective of this 10 project from the point of view of the top managers. Included in this section will be a discussion of top management’s objectives, priorities, Management Objectives The Acme de Mexico project has three primary objectives: 1) Complete the six site component preparation activities on time and at/below cost. ) Execute the Acme Mexico FD site opening with a staff fully trained and integrated into the company. 3) Leverage success in Mexico FD to expand and compete across the greater Mexico. Priorities The first priority is completing the construction site on schedule. Operations must quickly assess the impact of unknown and unexpected events as they occur. Delays to the schedule drive up our costs. The second priority, which becomes the first priority as the site nears completion, is the hiring and training of a store staff. The staff must be fully knowledgeable and fluent in Acme’s processes and procedures. Monitoring/ Controlling Mechanisms Acme is new to Mexico and thus requires some very specific tools and techniques to ensure that we remain in control of the project. Given the amount of variables that we may come up against in this project we will have a very strong change control process. This change control process will meet three main goals (Schwalbe, 2004): 1. Influence the factors that create change; ensure that the change is beneficial and impact to time, scope, and budget is understood. 2. Determine that the desired change has occurred. Acme Project Plan 3. Manage the changes as they occur; trying to minimize the number of changes the project is subjected to. (p. 122). 11 There are specific criteria that will drive changes. Specifically, we have a management reserve pot set aside. The reserve will be called upon if our SPI falls below 90%. The additional capital spent will be tightly focused upon the current problem and prevention of reoccurrence. Should both our SPI and CPI fall below 90% senior management will become involved to assess status and affect needed changes. V. Technical Process Plan Having now seen the project’s organization plans and managerial process plans, we turn now to a few technical aspects of the project. This section describes the technical approaches to control and support this project. In it, we describe the technical processes and approaches relating to this project’s computing system, computer usage policies, plan modification processes, construction guidelines, acceptance process, and documentation process of lessons learned. We begin with an overview of the computing system used to support the project. Computing System This project will utilize Acme’s wide area network, via wireless access at the construction site, temporary office locations, and residences. Utilizing portable personal computers, the project manager and team will access the various project tools using MS Project, synchronizing local copies with the master file on the company server. Acme will utilize MS Project Server and MS Project Web Access features to allow project team members to view, collaborate, and update project information from various remote locations and connections. All project plan outputs will be date and time stamped. Modifications to the plan will be tracked electronically, logging a record of who changed what, and when the changes were made. Acme Project Plan Project Plan Modification Process Only the Project Manager will be able to modify the schedule, budget, and the work 12 breakdown structure (WBS) portions of the work plan. Changes resulting in delays greater than five workdays or adding more than $5,000 to the budget estimate must be approved first by the project sponsor. All other changes may be made at the discretion of the project manager. Individual team members will be able to update task completion progress in the work plan. All changes must be requested on the following Change Request Form: Change Request Form Project Name: Date Request Submitted: Title of Change Request: Change Order Number: Submitted by: (name contact information) Change Category: Scope Schedule Description of change requested: Events that made this change necessary or desirable. Justification for the change/why it is needed/desired to continue/complete the project: Impact of the proposed change on: Scope: Schedule: Cost: Staffing: Risk: Other: Suggested implementation if the change request is approved: Required approvals: Name/Title Cost Technology Other Date Approve/Reject (Schwalbe, 2004, p. 630) Computer Usage Computer use will comply with Acme Home Improvement, Inc. ‘s corporate computing policies, available online to employees on the company intranet. Employees can access the corporate intranet through the company server WAN, or over the Internet. Acme Project Plan Construction Guideline Support Standards for implementing the site construction will comply with Acme Home Improvement, Inc. ‘s Construction Guidelines. Since the guidelines were developed for use in U. S. onstruction projects, however, the project team will consult Mexico City based law firm, 13 Goodrich, Riquelme y Asociados (anonymous, n. d. ). The team will coordinate activities related to zoning, environmental practices, and compliance with other local and federal regulations with the law firm. Project Acceptance Process The project manager is responsible for obtaining sign-off from the project sponsor and project manager at each milestone, and at project completion. The following form will be used to document acceptance of the project: Client Acceptance/Project Completion Form Project Name: Project Manager: I (We), the undersigned, acknowledge and accept delivery of the work completed for this project on behalf of our organization. My (Our) signature(s) attest to my (our) agreement that this project has been completed. No further work should be done on this project. Name Title Signature Date 1. Was this project completed to your satisfaction? Yes No 2. Please provide the main reason for your satisfaction or dissatisfaction with this project. 3. Please provide suggestion on how our organization could improve its project delivery capability in the future. Schwalbe, 2004, p. 633) Lessons Learned Documentation: Acme Project Plan The project manager is responsible for completing a summary of lessons learned throughout the project. The lessons will be documented on the form below, added to Acme Home Improvement’s repository of project lessons learned, accessible through the company intranet. Lessons Learned Report Prepared by: Project Name: Project Sponsor: Project Manager: Project Dates: Final Budget: 1. Did the project meet scope, time, and cost goals? 2. What was the success criteria listed in the project scope statement? . Reflect on whether or not you met the project success criteria. 4. In terms of managing the project, what were the main lessons your team learned? 5. Describe one example of what went right on this project. 6. Describe one example of what went wrong on this project. 14 7. What will you do differently on the next project, based on your experience working on this project? (Schwalbe, 2004, p. 624) VI. Work Packages, Dependencies, Schedules and Budgets Work Packages The seven major activities of which Acme’s construction project consists, involve various work packages. By definition, work packages are tasks at the lowest level of the work breakdown structure or WBS (Schwalbe, 2004). The preparation of the site and laying of the foundation is the first course in the construction process. The foundation is the most important part of construction and requires a substantial amount within the apportioned budget for building materials, as well as time. This stage involves the preparation of the site, which may involve some weeding, smoothing and sectioning, before the laying of the sewer pipes, concrete slabs and the sectioning of drainage Acme Project Plan 15 gutters. These different tasks are altogether estimated to take a total of about 50 days, a little over 5 weeks or over a month. Factored into the time is the acquisition of the necessary materials and labor. The next step is the building of the walls, floor and roof of the structure. Once the foundation is underway, the next step is to start building the actual store structure. This involves several work packages including the framing of the floor and walls, and the construction of the roof of the building. The carving out of the different sections of the store, such as the offices, break rooms, greenhouse and bathrooms also occur here. The estimated time here is about 45 days. The dependency here is of the ‘Finish to Start’ type (Schwalbe, 2004), which necessitates that the construction of the walls, floors etc, will not take off before the completion of the foundation. Since these construction work packages are on the critical path, and the construction resources could become a constraint, we inserted a fifteen-day feeder buffer to ensure any delays in the critical path construction activities do not delay the rest of the project. Next is the installation of the electrical and plumbing fixtures. Pipes are run through the building at this point for water outlets at designated spots, including the break rooms and bathrooms. Plumbing fixtures such as water closets, toilets, sinks and drinking fountains are installed. Electrical work is being done at this point, with the installation of wiring, cabling, outlets, the installation of electrical generators, and subsequently the connection to service for both electricity and water. Work here is slated for a total of 45 days. Building construction wraps up with the finishing of the interior, and the stocking of inventory. Here, the necessary dry walling, painting and finishing is applied to the interior of the building, thereafter, the interior decorators take up the job of smoothing and designing to the specifications provided. Other work packages at this point are floor planning for product location and shelf arrangement. The last part of the interior is the stocking of the shelves with products; after all interior fixtures have been tested for safety and durability. Acme Project Plan 16 The building of the garage is not directly dependent on most of the preceding processes up to this point, but does necessarily occur after the preparation for the site has taken place. So, this portion of the project starts after the foundation for the site has taken place and the adjacent wall has been erected. The construction of this, like the main building, will involve installation of the garage foundation and the framing of its walls, which are then painted, and ending with the marking of parking spaces. The schedule for finishing the store and the garage allows for 155 days, which includes another feeding buffer of twenty days. Acme’s construction plan includes an outer garden, and landscaping for this is for 10,000 square feet. This activity will involve the landscaping of the already sectioned area, which entails the layering with soil, rock and concrete slab placing as designed; paving installation and finally, the planting of selected plants and flowers. This is scheduled for a total of 40 days. This time takes into consideration the various needs of the selected plants and the time needed to ready the soil for planting. Throughout these activates, the marketing and promotion planning proceeds. Scheduled to conclude as the store becomes ready for opening, the marketing work package begins with an analysis of the market, including a competitive analysis, a consumer analysis, and an analysis of Acme’s strengths and opportunities in the market. Next, the project calls for the development of a product, pricing, and promotion plan. Last comes preparation of the merchandising, advertising, and grand opening promotion plan. These marketing activities are scheduled to take 180 days, but they do not fall on the critical path, nor do they require resources that appear at risk of being a project constraint. The last order of the project is to hire and train the employees for each of the departments. This process will involve the advertisement of vacancies. It will also involve a selection process of interviewing, checking of references and candidate consideration. The training may likely be done in groups and will entail customer service dynamics and necessary need-to-know information on products being sold. This takes time and has been scheduled to Acme Project Plan take 65 days, twenty of which are a feeding buffer at this potential constraint along the critical path for a timely store opening. Dependencies Work on the site is dependent upon several things and based on several assumptions. There is an assumption that we have a specific piece of commercially zoned real estate selected 17 and purchased. There is also the assumption that we have, in hand, the required permits to begin construction and open for business. Acme could not begin the joint venture with its local partners without these items in hand. We would rely heavily on our partners’ knowledge of local and regional governmental processes and procedures. Our 12-month timeline could not start until this initial hurdle was cleared. With permits in hand, construction could begin. The mandatory dependencies are such that a natural progression of events must occur for the completion of the structure. Each event is a unique task, however, many are highly dependant on other activities. Certain tasks, like laying the foundation, have finish-to-start relationships with their predecessors. The foundation cannot be poured, obviously, until the site is cleared, leveled, and otherwise prepared. Other activities, like establishing a mobile construction site office, can start simultaneously with another activity, such as beginning to prepare the site, but no sooner. This would be an example of a start-to-start relationship. Of course, other dependencies are also possible. Some tasks must finish along with other activities, while others must finish before another can start. Following is a look at dependencies in the project. As already mentioned, the site must be prepared before the foundation can be laid. Similarly, construction of the walls and floors is dependant upon the foundation being established first. Another finish to start dependency involves building the roof. The walls must be finished before a roof can be constructed. Any delay in completing the wall will push back the start of constructing the roof. A feeding buffer is inserted at this point on the critical path to guard Acme Project Plan against slippage on the project schedule by the construction resource, which is used heavily at this point of the project. Likewise, the walls must also be constructed before wires and plumbing can be run 18 throughout the building. Wiring is designated as having a start to start dependency with installing the generator and electrical circuit boxes. Installing the electrical fixtures, however, is dependant on three predecessors being completed first. Wires must be run, walls must be dry-walled, and electrical service must be established with the utility provider. Much like the electrical fixtures, plumbing fixtures cannot begin to be installed until the pipes have been run, drywall installed, and water service established with the utility provider. Finishing the interior presents another series of finish to start dependencies. Walls and roof must be up before they can be dry-walled. The dry wall must also be installed before they can be painted. Painting is a necessary precedent to installing the shelves and display units. Since these activities fall on the critical path where resources are close to being overloaded, an additional feeding buffer is added here. If any of the string of finish to start dependant activities falls behind schedule, the feeding buffer will help maintain the project schedule. Stocking the inventory cannot begin until the interior is finished. We, therefore, have another finish to start dependency. The construction of the garage is a task that would drive how much inventory we can handle, assuming it is used partly to store inventory. With the interior complete we could stock a certain amount of inventory but the garage would have to be complete before we could finish taking receipt of our entire inventory. This would really be a both an external dependency and discretionary dependency. It is a discretionary dependency in that we could stagger our inventory ordering to take receipt based on how the store is completed. If for, example the lights take the longest to receive, from an inventory perspective, we could stagger the completion of the Acme Project Plan 19 interior portion of the structure. We could order our lighting inventory while completing a different area’s interior first and stock it, then come along and finish the interior of our lighting department in time to take receipt of the inventory. It is also an external dependency because we do not control the timetable that our suppliers deliver on. There is inherent risk in setting up a ‘just-in-time’ approach to taking receipt of inventory. If, for example, our supply of wiring for electrical instillation is unstable or unpredictable, we may not be able to wire-up our lighting department in time to take receipt of our staggered inventory order. The extent of discretionary dependency that we establish is contingent on our tolerance for risk. Completion of paving and landscaping is purely discretionary. We could build the parking lot and landscaping almost entirely independent of the rest of the project but it would not make much sense. This task must simple be finished prior to opening the business. Most of our vendors would need the paving completed for access to the property. It would be a start-start for our inventory. It seems sensible to pave the parking lot simultaneously with paving the garage, making this a start-to-start dependency with pouring the garage concrete. Hiring and training employees is both a discretionary and external dependency. At a macro-level it is externally dependent upon the retail and construction job market in Mexico City, it we hire, rather than contract for, construction workers. If the construction market is soft in Mexico City in the window where we are to hire employees, it is likely we will have many applicants with construction expertise applying for work, in an effort to supplement their incomes. If the construction market is brisk when we are to hire, we may have a harder time finding experienced construction labor. Acme Project Plan 20 As a discretionary dependency, we can begin hiring and training when we deem best. While it is optimal to train most of the floor employees in a fully stocked facility that is nearly operational, we could train the core of the store’s management/ department heads at one of our American stores. It would be desirable for these new managers to see how a fully functional store runs and meet with US counterparts to gain lessons learned. Acme SA de CV will groom promising managers at its Mexico City site to open new stores across Mexico, so it is to our advantage to train new managers as early as possible. Having discussed the work packages, and task dependencies in the project, we turn now to a breakdown of the $7. 5 million project budget. Project Budget Acme Home Improvements de Mexico, SA de CV 12 Month Construction Budget DIRECT COST DESCRIPTION 1. Construction Materials Temporary Utilities/Rentals Excavation / Blasting Footings / Drainage Foundation/Waterproofing Retaining Walls Underground Utilities Trenching, Backfill, Rough Grading Concrete Slab City Water / Well Pump City Sewer / Septic System Sewer/Septic/Underground Connections City Water/Underground Connections Gutters and Downspouts Interior Masonry Rough Framing Materials Structural Steel Trusses Lumber Other wood types Plumbing fixtures Fire System HVAC Electrical – Lighting, Cabling, etc. Electrical Generators SUBTOTALED AMOUNT 1 Acme Project Plan Exterior Stairs Rough Framing Labor Roofing materials Windows Exterior Doors Garage Framing Garage Doors Exterior Stucco Exterior Siding/Masonry Exterior Painting Insulation Sheetrock/Taping Vanities Cabinets Interior Trim Interior Doors Hardware – Bolts, screws, cords, etc. Carpentry Landscaping Soil Granite / Rocks Plants Walkway Slabs Interior Shelving units Equipment rental Safety Equipment Other Total Materials Cost 2. Overheads and Other Costs Personnel salaries – Direct Project Workers Consultants / Professionals Administrative personnel Construction Laborers Accommodation Travel Utilities (Phone, electricity, water) Supplies (Stationery, postage, printing, etc. ) Insurance (Workers Compensation) Teachers / Trainers Other Total Overheads and Other Costs 3. Inventory Labor Costs Shipping Products Truck rentals Loading Off loading Other Labor Duties (Customs Excise) Total Inventory Costs 40% or USD 3. 0 million 3 20% or USD 1. 5 million 2 40% or USD 3. 0 million 21 Acme Project Plan 2 Considerations: 1 The percentages and USD estimates are based on a USD 7. 5 million budget. Wages and Salaries may vary significantly, especially with the current exchange rate of 1USD = 11. 1345 MXN and the difference in the cost of living between both countries. This is cheaper in Mexico and since most labor used will be local, the cost of it may be lower than estimated. 2 3 It is possible that the cost of inventory may vary from the above stated due to considerations such as; delays and pressures of delivery, but with more of a leaning towards an increase. Assumptions: The assumption of the total cost for construction materials is derived from the size of the facility to be built and all that will be required to build it, with a sizeable amount of the cost gong towards the materials for the foundation and walls. Mainly personnel wages and salaries rule the total budget amount for the overheads, with a majority of this going to the professionals or experts in charge of various sections of the project. The total number of people working on this project, aside from its management committee, is estimated to be in the neighborhood of 78. The division is as follows: Approximately 60 for all construction activity and interior work. Among these, professionals are estimated to be five, with a distribution of 1 garage expert, 2 interior designers and 2 building experts. Approximately eight for landscaping duties, with one professional among them. Approximately 10 company professionals for the initial hiring and training of employees. The products to be for inventory will likely cost about as many dollars as the construction effort, if not more, due to shipping, handling and the payment of duties on them. Acme Project Plan VII. Summary Acme Home improvement’s international expansion strategy begins with this project. The 23 company’s joint venture in Mexico City, will lead to the company’s first store outside the United States. Within twelve months, and $7. 5 million, the project team is expected to plan, locate, construct, and open the company’s first international home improvement store. This plan provided an overview of the project organization, management processes, technical processes, work packages, dependencies, schedules and project budget. Accompanying this document is a MS Project work plan, and Project Charter. We believe the information contained in these documents lay out a realistic plan to enable Acme Home Improvements to successfully open its first store outside the U. S. By executing the plan above, we believe Acme can complete this strategically critical project on time and on budget. Acme Project Plan Appendix A: 24 Tasks on the Critical Path Task Prepare site Lay foundation Site Foundation Ready Build walls Construct roof Feeding Buffer Install floors Dry Wall Paint Feeding Buffer Stock Inventory Duration 40d 10d 0d 15d 5d 15d 10d 10d 10d 20d 10d Start Finish Dependncy 3 4 6 7 8 9 22 23 25 26 27FF 37 38 39 40 Resource Construction Concrete Paving Joe Martillo Construction Construction John Tarea Concrete Paving Drywall Painters John Tarea Stock Workers Joe Martillo Human Resources John Tarea Human Resources Anita Socio John Tarea Mon 2/28/05 Fri 4/22/05 Mon 4/25/05 Fri 5/6/05 Fri 5/6/05 Mon 5/9/05 Fri 5/6/05 Fri 5/27/05 Mon 5/30/05 Fri 6/3/05 Mon 6/6/05 Fri 6/24/05 Mon 6/27/05 F ri 7/8/05 Mon 7/11/05 Fri 7/22/05 Mon 7/25/05 Fri 8/5/05 Mon 8/8/05 Mon 9/5/05 Fri 9/16/05 Mon 8/8/05 Fri 9/2/05 Fri 9/16/05 Fri 9/16/05 Fri 9/16/05 Interior Finished Inventory Stocked 0d â€Å"Recruit, interview hire employees† 30d Feeding Buffer Train employees Employees Hired Trained Project Buffer 20d 15d 0d 82d Mon 9/19/05 Fri 10/14/05 Mon 10/17/05 Fri 11/4/05 Fri 11/4/05 Fri 11/4/05 Mon 11/7/05 Tue 2/28/06 Note: Feeding buffers have been inserted along the critical path where resource constraints exist, and a project buffer has been added to protect the end of the project. Acme Project Plan Appendix B: Responsibility Assignment Matrix: Responsibility Assignment Matrix for Acme Home Improvements de Mexico Site Construction and Opening Project 25 Prepared by: John Tarea, Project Manager Date: 2/5/05 1. 1 Joe Martillo Donna Promueva Anita Socio Construction Concrete Paving Electricians Plumbers Drywall Painters Stock Workers Landscapers Human Resources P R 1. 2 R 2. 1 R 2. 2 R 2. 3 R 3. 1 R 3. 2 R 3. 3 R 3. 4 R 3. 5 R 3. 6 R 3. 7 R 3. 8 R 4. 1 R 4. 2 R 4. 3 R 5. 1 6. 1 R 6. 2 R 6. 3 R 7. 1 R 7. 2 8. 1 8. 2 R R R P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P R P R = Responsible for task P = Performing task P Acme Project Plan Resources: Anonymous. (No Date). Mexico business opportunities and legal framework. Retrieved February 4, 2005 from http://www. exico-trade. com/firm. html#gra. Anonymous. (No Date). Mexico business opportunities and legal framework. Retrieved February 4, 2005 from http://www. mexico-trade. com/sense. html#zon. Goldratt, E. (1998). Critical chain. Great Barrington, MA: The North River Press. Hampton Group, The. (2001). PMTalk newsletter. The project management knowledgebase http://www4pm. com. Retrieved Febru ary 3, 2005 from http://www. 4pm. com/articles/PMTalk07-24-01. pdf. Rigby, Ken (2003). Technical Management – a pragmatic approach. 2nd Edition. Retrieved February 3, 2005 from http://home. btconnect. om/managingstandard/techman. htm. 26 Reed Construction Data. (2004). RSMeans ® preliminary cost estimate. Retrieved January 29, 2005 from http://www. firstsourceonl. com/Means/members/result. asp? prname=project=300gsf=100000zip=Calculate. x=24Calculate. y=2Calculate= submit. Schwalbe, K. (2004). Information technology project management (3rd ed. ). Boston: Course Technology. State of Texas, Department of Information Resources. (2003, April 17). Planning guideline: Template project development plan. Retrieved February 2, 2005 from http://www. dir. state. tx. us/eod/qa/planning/projplan. htm#techplan. How to cite Amba 604, Essay examples

Complex Nursing Care Drug Alternatives

Question: Describe about the Complex Nursing Care for Drug Alternatives . Answer: All the blood spots on his clothes should be removed using detergent and it should be sterilized using disinfectant. Disinfectant used should be alcohol and formaldehyde. Dont allow Mr Barber to wear clothes with blood stains. Discard immediately syringes and needle used for Mr. Barber. Surface of the floor should be disinfected, where Mr. Barber vomited. Bedding of Mr. Barber should be changed twice a day (Glen Mayhall, 2013). List of PPE : Gloves, mask, eye protection, face shield, gown and linen. Barbers heart rate is little more than normal heart rate which is called tachycardia, he also has shallow breathing which is littler more than normal which is called tachypnea and his blood pressure is little less than the normal blood pressure. These all vital signs directly correlate with the blood loss in Barber which is called hypovolemic shock. As all these vital signs are slightly deviated from normal values with ADDS score of 1 (Talley OConnor, 2013). Ondansetron is medication specifically used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting. This medication can be administered both by oral route and intravenous route. It exhibits its action by acting as antagonist of serotonin 5-HT3 receptor with less affinity for dopamine receptor. Occurrence of these 5-HT3 receptors is on vagal nerve terminals peripherally and in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of area postrema centrally. Enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine release serotonin and this serotonin stimulates vagal afferents by acting on 5-HT3 receptors which stimulates vomiting reflex. Thus antagonizing effect of ondansetron on 5-HT3 receptors results in the stimulation of vomiting reflex (Christofaki Papaioannou, 2014). Mr. Barber has rapid heart rate. Due to rapid heart rate, P waves are hidden in the preceding T wave and it produces camel hump appearance (Gertsch, 2013). 3. MRN: 0598371 Family Name: Barber Given Name: Frederick Date of Birth: 2/3/1931 S I am EN Ms.A in Emergency ward. I am mentioning about Mr. Barber. I observed that Mr. Barber has haematemasis, epogastric pain, high pulse rate and respiratory rate, low blood pressure. B Mr. Barber was admitted to emergency department on 6/3/2013 at 8 p.m. with haematemasis, epigastric pain. Mr. Barber had Diverticulitis, Emphysema, Ischaemic disease, osteoarthritis and morbid obesity. There is no change in his condition. A I think his blood vomiting is still there. He is taking medication to stop vomiting, however it is not stopping. I have given him IV fluids and analgesic drugs. R It is recommended that, he should undergo gastroscopy. (Porche, 2008) What do you think, who are the most suitable people to take your wife in your absence? Is she would be fine with neighbors or he would like to call upon his relatives who can better understand her feelings and her condition. Whether you required any trained personnel to take care of your wife because, with this nursing staff she would be holistic nursing care. Is there any cultural hindrance in your community to share medical condition to the health care professionals? Because sharing exact medical condition is very important in nursing practice to make effective nursing care plan. Is there requirement to arrange prayer of God for his wife?. Because due to prayers there is the possibility she may get peace of mind and freedom from fear and anxiety (Yousefi Abedi, 2011). Nurse should take consent from Barber to give information to the neighbor about his condition. Nurse should inform neighbor that Mr. Barber is stable now and he is showing improvement in his condition. Frequency of his vomiting is also reduced and he is responding well to the medications. He will be discharged soon and he will with his wife soon. Nurse should inform neighbor that he is inquiring about his wife and asking them to take her of her in proper way. Nurse should tell neighbor that Barber informed that neighbor should consider her forgetfulness and assist her in all her activities (Holzeme Klainberg, 2014). 6. Written consent should be taken from Mr. Barber. Request/consent form should be there with information containing Mr Barber name, date of birth, age, full address, clinical history and medications. Consent form should contain information about nature of testing, complexity of examination, risk related to the procedure and Barbers wish for testing (Daniels, 2014). While transferring to the radiology department each one qualified person form the cardiology and respiratory department is there. Mr. Barber is having low blood pressure which is called hypotension and due to fear of radiological testing it can also affect further his blood pressure. His heart rate is also little more than normal which is called tachycardia and it can also get affected due to anxiety of testing. Hence, for continuous monitoring of his blood pressure and heart rate, expert form cardiology department is required. His respiratory rate is also little higher than normal respiratory rate which is called tachypnea and due to fear and anxiety of radiological testing there may be further shallowness in his respiratory rate. Mr. Barber has very high BMI. To assess and observe respiratory rate, expert form the respiratory department should be there at the time of radiology. Along with this radiology expert and radiographer or radiology technician required for Mr. Barbers radiol ogy testing. Radiology expert and radiographer well trained in manual handling of radiography machine without any discomfort to the patient. This radiography techniques is widely used for the patient with ostoarthritis (Talley OConnor, 2013). 7. D - Danger Danger due to osteoarthritis was checked and there is no danger of fall due to osteoarthritis. R- Response Response was checked by rubbing on his body parts and it is observed that he is conscious. A-Airway Airway was checked and it is observed that his airway is clear. B-Breathing Breathing was checked by keeping ear near to the mouth and chest. It is observed that he is having shallow breathing. C-Circulation Circulation was performed and it is observed that there are 40 chest compressions for every 2 breaths. D- Defibrillator Defibrillator is applied. (Talley OConnor, 2013). Form these assessments it is observed that Mr. Barber is having mild hypovolemic shock due to the loss of blood through vomiting. From the above assessment it is evident that there is increased heart rate per breaths in Mr. Barber. In case of blood loss there is the increased heart rate because to maintain supply of blood to the tissues which is reduced due to blood loss, heart pumps more blood and there is increased heart rate. Also, form the assessments it is evident that there is the increased respiratory rate. Due to blood loss, there is reduced oxygen saturation as compared to the carbon dioxide. To maintain oxygen saturation, lungs breaths at faster rate. Hence, these variations in heart rate and breathing rate are little more than normal values, there is little loss of blood through vomiting (Talley OConnor, 2013). 8. Seretide Accuhaler is the combination of medications like fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate. Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive lung disease which occurs due to the inflammation of the lung and due to which there the shortness of breath due to narrowing of airways due to inflammation and followed by structural changes in the airways. Fluticasone propionate is a corticosteroid and it is used as anti-inflammatory agent. Fluticasone propionate reduces inflammation in the respiratory tract by inhibiting recruitment of inflammatory cells. These inflammatory cells produce variety of markers which produces acute exacerbations of emphysema. Thus inhibiting inflammatory cells can reduce acute exacerbations of emphysema. Salmeterol xinafoate is a long-acting ? adrenergic receptor agonist which produces bronchodilator action. Due this bronchodilator action salmeterol xinafoate prevets or reverse narrowing of the airways and useful in preventing wheezing, coughing and sh ortness of breath which are the common symptoms of emphysema (Chen et al., 2013). b. Hold accuhaler in one hand and open it by pushing thumb to the right so the mouthpiece is visible. Hold the mouthpiece of acchaler directing towards you and push the lever away from you. Breathe out to the extent of maximum of your capacity and mouthpiece should be put on your lips. You should breathe through your accuhaler and not the nose and slowly breathe out. Silde the thumb grip back to original postion to close the accuhaler (Chen et al., 2013). Voltaren Emulgel is an external application used for relieving osteoarthritic pain in Mr. Barber. Voltaren Emulgel contains diclofenac sodium which is non-steroidal antiinflmmatory drug use dot reduce pain, swelling and inflammation. Diclofenac sodium exhibits its action by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis through cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition. Oxucodone is a opioid pain medication used for reducing osteoarthritis pain of Mr. Barber. Oxycodone is available in the form of controlled release tablet and it produces pain relieving effect over the period of 12 hrs. Thus it helps to improve quality of life. Oxycodone acts a selective full agonist of -opioid receptor and lesser affinity for the other opioid receptors like -opioid and -opioid receptors. Once oxycodone binds to -opioid receptor, G-protein complex released which inhibits neurotransmitter release. As a result cAMP level reduced and it closes calcium channels and open potassium channels. Naproxen in the orally administered nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) drug used for reducing pain due to osteoarthritis in Mr. Barber. Naproxen acts by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis which is pain and inflammatory marker. Naproxen inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting both Cox 1 and Cox2 enzymes. Panadol Osteo is a sustained release tablet containing paracetamol. Paracetamol is useful for relieving mild to moderate pain and it acts specifically on the Cox 2 enzyme. Panadol Osteo has two layers of paracetamol. Out layer released within 30 minutes of its administration and second layer released over period of 8 hrs. to give relief from pain to Mr. Barber. Aspirin is also used for the management of pain in Mr. Barber. Aspirin acts by inhibiting Cox1 enzyme and modifying the action of Cox 2 enzyme (Balch, et al., 2011). Nurse should ask him about the pain in the knees, hips and wrists. During what type of activities Mr. Barber is facing problem. Is he having problem in flexion and extension movements of joints? Nurse should ask him to grade his pain score during different activities on a scale of 1-10. Also, nurse should ask him, according to him how bad is his arthritis and ask him to designate either of the mild, moderate and severe. Due to this osteoarthritis his daily activities affected are clothing and putting buttons, washing hair, getting up from chair, getting up from the bed after completion of sleep, taking bath and use of toilet (Sadosky eta l., 2010). Nurse should remove the bandage check the severity of wound due to cut. Nurse should remove the bandage and clean the wound with the help of antiseptic and apply antiseptic lotion on it and apply new bandage. Nurse should advise Mr. Barber not to put water on the leg. Because wound is not properly filled currently and due to water, there may be possibility of infection on the wound. Nurse should daily check the severity of wound, clean it properly and apply new bandage on the daily basis. Nurse also should advise Mr. Barber not to remove bandage on his own, until he gets instructions from the nurse or other medical staff (Peate Glencross, 2015). Nurse should try to convince him about the importance of gastroscopy in his current condition. Nurse should give him confidence that, his wife is going to be taken care nicely by his neighbors. He should be perfectly fine to take his wife. For this purpose, he needs to get recovered completely. Until and unless he performs gastrocopy, it would be difficult to know the exact reason behind his blood vomiting and planning for the concerned intervention. If Mr. Barber is not ready undertake gastroscopy, even after all these efforts, nurse should try to manage blood vomiting with medications for few days and ask him to come back for gastrosopy (Yao, 2013). Mr. Barber is having osteoarthritis problem. So, physiotherapist is the most suitable allied health worker for Mr. Barber. Physiotherapist is associated with the hospital since long time and this physiotherapist is skilled enough to take care of osteoarthritis patients. Physiotherapist is beneficial for Mr. Barber because he can promote moderate exercise in Mr. Barber which helps to reduce pain and improve functioning. Physiotherapist teach Mr. Barber stretching and strengthening exercise which helps to improve free joint motion and make stronger the muscles around the affected joint. Physiotherapist applies cold packs to the affected joints after exercise to relax it and to reduce pain. Also there should be interaction with psychologist who can give moral boost to Mr. Barber in his disease condition. Nurse should assist Mr. Barber in his all daily activities. There should be coordination between physiotherapist, psychologist and nurse for providing holistic community care to Mr. Bar ber (Page Hinman, 2011). References: Balch, J. F., Stengler, M., Young-Balch, R. (2011). AARP Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis Drug Alternatives. John Wiley Sons. Chen, L., Heng, R.L., Delele, M.A., Cai, J., Du, DZ., Opara, U.L. (2013). Investigation of dry powder aerosolization mechanisms in different channel designs. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 457(1):143-9. Christofaki, M., Papaioannou, A. (2014). Ondansetron: a review of pharmacokinetics and clinical experience in postoperative nausea and vomiting. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism Toxicology, 10(3), 437-44. Daniels, R. (2014). Delmar's Guide to Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. Cengage Learning. Gertsch, M. (2013). The ECG: A Two-Step Approach to Diagnosis. Springer Science Business Media. Glen Mayhall, C. (2013). Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Holzemer, S. P. Klainberg, M. (2014). Community Health Nursing. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Page, C.J., Hinman, R.S., Bennell, K.L. (2011). Physiotherapy management of knee osteoarthritis. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases, 14(2), 145-51. Peate, I., Glencross, W. (2015). Wound Care at a Glance. John Wiley Sons. Porch, R. A. (2008). High-Alert Medications: Strategies for Improving Safety. Joint Commission Resources. Sadosky, A. B., Bushmakin, A. G., Cappelleri, J. C., Lionberger, D.R. (2010). Relationship between patient-reported disease severity in osteoarthritis and self-reported pain, function and work productivity. Arthritis Research Therapy, 12(4), R162. Talley, N. J, OConnor, S. (2013). Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide to Physical Diagnosis. Elsevier Health Sciences. Yousefi, H. Abedi, H. A. (2011). Spiritual care in hospitalized patients. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 16(1), 125132. Yao, K. (2013). Zoom Gastroscopy: Magnifying Endoscopy in the Stomach. Springer Science Business Media.